Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Renal Disorders: A Molecular Medicine Perspective

Abstract

Kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), remain significant health issues in the world, which often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that ultimately causes kidney transplantation or dialysis. Treatments that remain available currently lack effectiveness since renal disorders remain complex. A new type of nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) has been proposed as one of the best alternatives to improve the therapeutic specificity and minimize the systemic toxicity in the context of kidney disease treatment. This was done in a prospective and experimental design that evaluated the effectiveness of different nano-carriers (liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles) in delivering drugs to the kidneys. Targeted nano-formulations were AKI and CKD experimental models, their bioavailability, targeting efficiency to kidneys and therapeutic effects were compared to standard treatment. Nanoparticles made of liposomes had the greatest accumulation of drugs in the kidney resulting in great changes in kidney functions, as measured by the decrease in serum creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels. Histological examination also established a significant tissue healing and a decrease in fibrosis in the groups receiving nanoparticle therapy than the traditional methods. The nano-drug delivery systems that remain focused remain effective in the treatment of kidney diseases by improving the targeting of the drug to the renal tissues, minimizing off-target effects, and facilitating tissue regeneration. These results indicate that nanomedicine has a bright future in the treatment of AKI and CKD, and there is a prospect of individualized treatment that is not as toxic.