Gut-derived uremic toxins and their role in accelerating cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65327/kidneys.v14i4.561Keywords:
chronic kidney disease; uremic toxins; gut microbiota; cardiovascular disease; indoxyl sulfate; p-cresyl sulfate; cardiovascular risk factorsAbstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-lasting and progressive condition. It is caused by the
complicated buildup of many serum uremic toxins, some of which are made by the gut flora. Two uremic
toxins, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, have been shown to worsen cardiovascular disease and
accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease. These toxins harm the heart over time by causing
the blood arteries swell, creating oxidative stress, and making the endothelium work poorly or not at all. The
relationships between uremic toxins produced in the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular events in
individuals with CKD remain inadequately defined, especially with prospective new biomarkers that could
facilitate earlier diagnosis of cardiovascular events and the commencement of treatment. This aims to
conduct a systematic review and research on cardiovascular risk factors associated with specific gutderived uremic toxins, with a particular focus on blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness in
individuals with CKD. This study aims to elucidate more definitions regarding the impact of these toxins on
clinical events and the pathobiology of cardiovascular illnesses in individuals with chronic renal disease.
Furthermore, when examining these data, we will consider treatment strategies aimed at modifying
certain factors by targeting the microbiome to maintain positive clinical outcomes, as well as interventions
that inhibit the production of gut-derived uremic toxins to eliminate or mitigate their adverse effects. By
controlling gut-derived uremic toxins, patients’ cardiovascular profiles and CKD risks can be modified,
improving clinical outcomes and quality of life.
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